দৈনিক যশোর এক্সপ্রেস তাজা খবরের সন্ধানে
To evaluate the universality of four vital hypotheses of the concept, Sagi (1999) examined studies away from many non-West countries- in addition to Africa, Asia, Israel, and you can Japan. Because of the variety of societies in addition to complexity of your own accessory routines looked at, you will find unbelievable help toward universality of first theory tested. Specifically, discover equivalent patterns out-of proximity seeking, proximity maintaining, and you may separation protest by the babies when it comes to its no. 1 caregivers into the tiring things. The second theory, that children are properly attached, acquired “as an alternative good” service also. In the eleven low-Western societies (the brand new African societies of Dogon, Efe, Ganda, Gusil, Hausa, and you will !Kung San; China; Israel [Kibbutz and you can town]; and you will Japan [Tokyo and you can Sappora]) where investigation appear, between 56 percent and you will 80 % of children is securely connected. However, there was in fact fewer lead screening of your own 3rd theory (we.elizabeth., the newest sensitiveness hypothesis: one to cover was fostered because of the delicate responsiveness so you’re able to infants’ indicators) while the last hypothesis (i.age., the new competence theory: one to safeguards when you look at the infancy is on the later personal competence), IJzendoorn and you can Sagi (1999) stop you to “the fresh new universal validity off connection theory is apparently confirmed when you look at the the fresh new get across-social browse” (p. 730).
A relatively additional portrait out of social distinctions is provided by the Robin Harwood and her associates (Harwood, Miller, and you will Irizarry 1995). Such findings highlight the presence of social version regarding the definition regarding personal proficiency, along with the meaning off habits classified because safe (at the very least regarding the vision of the caregivers). When you look at the a recent study, Vivian Carlson and you can Robin Harwood (during the push) located differences when considering Puerto Rican and you will Euro-Western mothers you to definitely “label on concern a single common concept of maternal sensitivity, rather providing research that sensitive and painful caregiving behaviors are culturally created . . .” (p. 17).
Fred Rothbaum along with his associates (Rothbaum et al. when you look at the press; Rothbaum ainsi que al. 2000; Rothbaum ainsi que al. 2001) look after you to definitely extant notions out-of attachment is infused which have Western ideals and you may preconceptions since attachment idea has been championed by West thinkers and research has extremely on it Western samples.
Such authors suggest that Euro-American, versus Puerto Rican, parents have been prone to view infant choices in terms of the introduction of freedom and you may worry about-rely on, while the new Puerto Rican parents set more emphasis on the development out-of respectfulness
Even in the event very accessory theorists accept that people influences specific accessory routines, they tend to gain access to community since a keen overlay to your biologically determined individual behavior. Rothbaum along with his acquaintances (2000, 2001) label on concern the latest universality of susceptibility and you may ability hypotheses for the very same reasons since the Harwood-just what constitutes sensitive caregiving and public competence is actually culturally developed. Once the Rothbaum along with his acquaintances focus on results out of The japanese rather than Puerto Rico, their inquiries enhance those individuals elevated by Harwood. The evidence regarding The japanese demonstrates https://www.datingranking.net/local-hookup/tulsa/ behavior which is extremely appreciated in america, such as independency and thinking-denial, can be regarded as younger when you look at the The japanese.
By contrast, Jerome Bruner (1990) feedback society and you can biology since inseparable regions of the fresh new attachment program
Underneath the discussion across the universality out-of accessory rest essential circumstances away from agreement. Very first, every detectives manage agree that: (a) you will find propensities for attachment habits from the caregivers and children you to all are to people; (b) there are extremely important cultural differences in how this type of propensities try manifested; (c) the final verdict has not become hit regarding if or not discover fundamental social differences in accessory just like the more cross-social research is required. New dispute spins to just what constitutes a good “fundamental” difference between connection. We would like to most likely prevent particularly controversial names while focusing alternatively on the the ways in which secret attachment constructs is actually conceptualized and you can manifested in various societies. This should produce search that will not only believe in West established strategies out-of accessory (since performed the studies reviewed because of the IJzendoorn and you can Sagi 1999) but focuses as well towards generally acknowledged principles and you can values off new societies becoming tested and you may devises actions to understand more about them. This step carry out result in a much more inclusive idea off accessory one to embraces cultural differences.
